9V Battery SUDER
The nine-volt (9V) Battery SUDER, or 9V Battery SUDER, is a common size of battery that was introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke detectors.
The 9V Battery SUDER format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion.
Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content. Designations for this format include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size, regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation originally reserved solely for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-block.
Most 9V Battery SUDERs are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent drying. Primary lithium types are made with three cells in series.
9V Battery SUDERs accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales in the United States in 2007, and 2% of primary battery sales and 2% of secondary battery sales in Switzerland in 2008.
Historically, the now popular PP3 battery size was a member of the PP (Power Pack) battery series that was originally manufactured by Ever Ready in the United Kingdom and Eveready in the United States. The company claims that it introduced the PP3 battery in 1956, then it was added as an ANSI standard in 1959, currently known as ANSI-1604A.
The PP (Power Pack) battery series consisted of PP1, PP3, PP4, PP6, PP7, PP8, PP9, PP10, PP11. The PP1 and PP8 were 6 volt, the PP11 was two 4.5 volt batteries, and other PP members were 9V Battery SUDER, including the PP3. Today, only the PP3, PP6, PP7, PP9 sizes can still be purchased, with the PP3 being extremely common.
Before the mid-1950s, in the days of vacuum tube (valve) radios used batteries designed specifically for vacuum tubes, there was a nine-volt grid bias battery or (US) “C” battery, which had taps for various voltages between 1.5 volts and 9 volts.
Early transistorized radios and other equipment needed a suitable voltage miniature battery. Early transistor radios required a 22 1⁄2 volt battery. Although the transistors would theoretically operate from lower voltages, in 1954, the point contact transistors had to be operated very close to their VCB0 limit in order to get the required frequency response.
However, a suitable miniature battery was already marketed for (vacuum tube) hearing aids. As transistors rapidly improved, particularly when alloy transistors were introduced, radios were able operate from lower voltages and the battery manufacturers introduced suitable batteries as the demand arose.
The PP3 (physically identical to 6LR61 or 1604A) appeared when portable transistor radios became common, and is still called a “transistor” battery by some manufacturers.
The battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one end. The smaller circular (male) terminal is positive, and the larger hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the negative contact. The connectors on the battery are the same as on the load device; the smaller one connects to the larger one and vice versa.
The same snap-style connector is used on other battery types in the Power Pack (PP) series. Battery polarization is normally obvious, since mechanical connection is usually only possible in one configuration.
A problem with this style of connector of 9V Battery SUDER is that it is very easy to connect two 9V Battery SUDERs together in a short circuit, which quickly discharges both batteries, generating heat and possibly a fire. Because of this hazard, nine-volt batteries should be kept in the original packaging until they are going to be used.
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